WARSAW — In a day of dueling efforts to shore up allegiances, President Biden wrapped up a three-day journey to Europe Wednesday with a promise of America’s dedication to its allies as President Vladimir V. Putin warmly welcomed China’s prime diplomat to Moscow and rallied pro-war Russians.

With the anniversary of Moscow’s invasion of Ukraine approaching, Mr. Biden met in Warsaw with leaders from NATO’s japanese flank, acknowledging that “you realize higher than anybody what’s at stake on this battle, not only for Ukraine, however for the liberty of democracies all through Europe and all over the world.”

At round the identical time, Mr. Putin instructed a boisterous crowd of tens of hundreds at a stadium rally that “there’s a battle underway on our historic borders, for our individuals,” simply after he tried to shore up his most necessary partnership in a gathering with the highest Chinese language diplomat, Wang Yi.

Taken collectively, the scenes created the impression that the world is retreating into two blocs that bear similarities to these of the Chilly Warfare.

This time, many former Jap Bloc international locations — Hungary is a notable exception — are aligning with the West to oppose Mr. Putin’s aggression. And China and Russia, dropping their many variations, are conducting navy workout routines collectively and deepening their monetary ties as every faces Western sanctions.

However the actuality remains to be extra sophisticated.

Many different powers — together with India, Turkey and Israel — stay on the fence, persevering with to purchase oil and gasoline from Russia or to work with Mr. Putin diplomatically, whereas shopping for arms from the US and remaining in its protection orbit. That has touched off a messy, behind-the-scenes effort by each side to win help.

For Mr. Biden, the query is whether or not the Western allies have the wherewithal to proceed arming and supporting the Ukrainian authorities on the ranges wanted to maintain an rising Russian offensive at bay, and to discourage Mr. Putin from as soon as once more looking for to take over the complete nation.

For Mr. Putin, the doubts could also be even higher, at the same time as he tries to telegraph confidence and public help.

An offensive he started in latest weeks has but to make substantial features. And whereas he welcomed Mr. Wang on the Kremlin and spoke of a coming go to from China’s president, Xi Jinping, it’s clear that China is cautious about being seen as supporting the struggle — and at a second when American officers are releasing intelligence suggesting that Mr. Putin is once more looking for arms and expertise from Beijing.

“China is prepared to work with Russia to take care of a strategic focus, deepen mutual political belief and improve strategic coordination,” Mr. Wang instructed Mr. Putin. He additionally stated the Chinese language-Russian partnership “isn’t geared toward any third social gathering, and won’t settle for meddling from any third social gathering, and even much less will it settle for duress from any third social gathering.”

That was a transparent reference to the US, which has threatened that any materials help from China to Moscow’s struggle effort would end in financial reprisals.

Protecting China in his nook is a precedence for Mr. Putin, with Russia seeking to Beijing as a vital buying and selling accomplice within the face of Western sanctions. In an obvious nod to China’s discomfort with being seen as a navy ally, Mr. Putin stated in his televised opening remarks to Mr. Wang that “financial points” had been “above all” the sphere wherein the 2 international locations’ relationship was “reaching new frontiers.”

Nonetheless, Chinese language and Russian naval ships are holding drills off the coast of South Africa this week — a reminder that the 2 international locations are additionally deepening their navy cooperation.

Mr. Putin, no less than economically, is clearly the junior member of the partnership. It’s the reverse of Soviet days, when few imagined that China may grow to be the world’s second-largest financial system.

Within the view of American officers, Mr. Xi has his doubts about supporting Russia’s invasion, however is pleased to assist Mr. Putin each to distract the US from its financial competitors with Beijing and to tie up the American navy assets getting used to help Ukraine.

Mr. Biden used his session with the allies at Warsaw’s royal fort to repeat his vow to “defend actually each inch of NATO.” Thus far, the Kremlin has not struck outdoors Ukraine’s borders, however that restraint has not prolonged to our on-line world: Google just lately reported that cyberstrikes from Russia on laptop customers in NATO international locations in 2022 had been up 300 p.c over the identical interval in 2020.

Mr. Biden, who championed the post-Chilly Warfare order as chairman of the Senate International Relations Committee and as vice chairman, used the assembly in Warsaw to underscore how a lot the world has altered in a 12 months.

“The concept over 100,000 forces would invade one other nation — since World Warfare II, nothing like that has occurred,’’ Mr. Biden stated. “Issues have modified radically. And we’ve got to, we’ve got to verify we alter them again.”

Mr. Putin supplied a starkly totally different message, saying that he was restoring Russia to its rightful place, and reassembling territories he contends are a part of the Russian empire. But Mr. Putin’s public occasions Wednesday spoke to a few of the dangers of his stuttering struggle, whose exact goals he did little to make clear in his 100-minute state-of-the-nation handle the day earlier than.

Mr. Wang arrived in Moscow after visiting Western European international locations, the place he sought to steer their leaders that Beijing desires to encourage an finish to the struggle in Ukraine. However Mr. Wang’s printed remarks to Mr. Putin and different Russian officers indicated that Beijing won’t threat its friendship with Moscow over Ukraine.

“Each side engaged in an intensive change of views concerning the Ukraine problem,” the Chinese language International Ministry stated. Mr. Wang, it stated, “authorised of Russia’s reaffirmation that it’s prepared to resolve the problem by way of dialogue and negotiations.”

After the assembly, Mr. Putin tended to the house entrance. He walked onto a stage on the Moscow stadium that hosted the 2018 World Cup males’s soccer ultimate and instructed the Russians within the stands — a lot of them bused-in college students and authorities staff — that their troopers had been combating “on our historic borders, for our individuals.”

“Russia!” Mr. Putin blared into his microphone, main the gang in a chant.

The official event was a Kremlin-organized celebration of a navy vacation, Defenders of the Fatherland Day. But it surely appeared a transparent effort by Mr. Putin to indicate his nation and the world a stamp of public approval a day after his state-of-the-nation speech, wherein he painted an image of struggle because the nation’s new regular.

“All our persons are defenders of the fatherland,” Mr. Putin stated on the rally. “Once we are united, we’ve got no equal.”

At Mr. Biden’s assembly with NATO leaders, the message was plain sufficient: If Mr. Putin had been to order tanks into different European international locations, the 9 nations alongside the navy alliance’s japanese flank could be the likeliest targets.

With Mr. Biden listening, President Klaus Iohannis of Romania urged the group to face firmly behind Ukraine, partially as a means of securing peace for the individuals residing within the shadow of Russia.

“The struggle has introduced nothing however struggling and despair, killing and displacing of tens of millions of Ukrainians, unprecedented destruction and uncertainty,” Mr. Iohannis stated. “We the leaders of the japanese flank have the responsibility to face agency in protection of our peace.”

In a speech from the royal fort in Warsaw on Tuesday, Mr. Biden was firm about American dedication to the protection of NATO allies, declaring that the assure to return to the help of any threatened ally “is rock stable.”

“And each member of NATO is aware of it,” he stated. “And Russia is aware of it as properly.”

However the specter of direct navy intervention is much less theoretical for Poland, Hungary and the opposite international locations whose borders lie not removed from Russian territory than for Britain, France or Spain.

After the assembly, Mr. Biden departed Poland for Washington, concluding a international journey that started with a top-secret go to to Ukraine’s capital and ended with declarations of unity however a looming sense of uncertainty concerning the future.

Michael D. Shear and David E. Sanger reported from Warsaw, and Anton Troianovski type Berlin. Christopher Buckley contributed reporting from Taipei, Taiwan, and Valerie Hopkins from Moscow.